zoonoses – ETIDIoH

The first decade of research #advances in #influenzaD virus (J Gen Virol., abstract)

[Source: Journal of General Virology, full page: (LINK). Abstract, edited.]

The first decade of research advances in influenza D virus

Jieshi Yu1 , Feng Li1, Dan Wang1

Affiliations: 1 Department of Veterinary Science, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, USA

*Correspondence: Dan Wang, dan.wang@uky.edu

First Published: 19 November 2020 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.001529

Abstract

From its initial isolation in the USA in 2011 to the present, influenza D virus (IDV) has been detected in cattle and swine populations worldwide. IDV has exceptional thermal and acid stability and a broad host range. The virus utilizes cattle as its natural reservoir and amplification host with periodic spillover to other mammalian species, including swine. IDV infection can cause mild to moderate respiratory illnesses in cattle and has been implicated as a contributor to bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex, which is the most common and costly disease affecting the cattle industry. Bovine and swine IDV outbreaks continue to increase globally, and there is increasing evidence indicating that IDV may have the potential to infect humans. This review discusses recent advances in IDV biology and epidemiology, and summarizes our current understanding of IDV pathogenesis and zoonotic potential.

Received: 29/04/2020 – Accepted: 02/11/2020 – Published Online: 19/11/2020

Keyword(s): zoonotic potential , pathogenicity , genetic and antigenic evolution , influenza D virus and epidemiology

Funding: This study was supported by the:Feng Li , University of Kentucky , (Award Agricultural Experiment Station)

Feng Li , University of Kentucky , (Award William Robert Mills Endowment Fund)

Feng Li , South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station , (Award 3AH-673)

Dan Wang , National Institute of Food and Agriculture , (Award 2016-67016-24949)

Feng Li , National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases , (Award R01AI141889)

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Keywords: Influenza D; Cattle; Pigs; Zoonoses.

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#Transmission of #SARS-CoV-2 on #mink #farms between #humans and mink and back to humans (Science, abstract)

[Source: Science, full page: (LINK). Abstract, edited.]

Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 on mink farms between humans and mink and back to humans

Bas B. Oude Munnink1,*, Reina S. Sikkema1, David F. Nieuwenhuijse1, Robert Jan Molenaar2, Emmanuelle Munger1, Richard Molenkamp1, Arco van der Spek3, Paulien Tolsma4, Ariene Rietveld5, Miranda Brouwer5, Noortje Bouwmeester-Vincken6, Frank Harders7, Renate Hakze-van der Honing7, Marjolein C. A. Wegdam-Blans8, Ruth J. Bouwstra2, Corine GeurtsvanKessel1, Annemiek A. van der Eijk1, Francisca C. Velkers9, Lidwien A. M. Smit10, Arjan Stegeman9, Wim H. M. van der Poel7, Marion P. G. Koopmans1

Science 10 Nov 2020: eabe5901 | DOI: 10.1126/science.abe5901

Abstract

Animal experiments have shown that non-human primates, cats, ferrets, hamsters, rabbits and bats can be infected by SARS-CoV-2. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 RNA has been detected in felids, mink and dogs in the field. Here, we describe an in-depth investigation using whole genome sequencing of outbreaks on 16 mink farms and the humans living or working on these farms. We conclude that the virus was initially introduced from humans and has since evolved, most likely reflecting widespread circulation among mink in the beginning of the infection period several weeks prior to detection. Despite enhanced biosecurity, early warning surveillance and immediate culling of infected farms, transmission occurred between mink farms in three big transmission clusters with unknown modes of transmission. Sixty-eight percent (68%) of the tested mink farm residents, employees and/or contacts had evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Where whole genomes were available, these persons were infected with strains with an animal sequence signature, providing evidence of animal to human transmission of SARS-CoV-2 within mink farms.

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Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Minks.

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Comprehensive #Knowledge of #Reservoir #Hosts is Key to Mitigate Future #Pandemics (Innovation, abstract)

[Source: The Innovation, full page: (LINK). Abstract, edited.]

Comprehensive Knowledge of Reservoir Hosts is Key to Mitigate Future Pandemics

Pingfen Zhu, Paul A. Garber, Ling Wang, Meng Li, Katherine Belov, Thomas R. Gillespie, Xuming Zhou

Open Access | Published: November 02, 2020 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xinn.2020.100065

Abstract

COVID-19 and other epidemics (such as SARS, Ebola and H1N1) are stark reminders that knowledge of animal behavior and ecosystem health are key to controlling the spread of zoonotic diseases early in their onset. However, we have very limited information about the set of behavioral and ecological factors that promote viral spillover and the effects that has on ecosystem health and disease transmission. Thus, expanding our current knowledge of reservoir hosts and pandemics, represents an urgent and critical tool in ecological epidemiology. We also propose to create an integrative database that ranks animal species in terms of their likelihood as a host for specific infectious diseases. We call for a global and cooperative effort of field and laboratory scientists to create, maintain, and update this information in order to reduce the severity of future pandemics.

Publication stage In Press Accepted Manuscript

Identification DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xinn.2020.100065

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Keywords: Emerging Diseases; Infectious Diseases; Wildlife.

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From People to #Panthera: Natural #SARS-CoV-2 #Infection in #Tigers and #Lions at the #Bronx #Zoo (mBio, abstract)

[Source: mBio, full page: (LINK). Abstract, edited.]

From People to Panthera: Natural SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Tigers and Lions at the Bronx Zoo

Denise McAloose, Melissa Laverack, Leyi Wang, Mary Lea Killian, Leonardo C. Caserta, Fangfeng Yuan, Patrick K. Mitchell, Krista Queen, Matthew R. Mauldin, Brittany D. Cronk, Susan L. Bartlett, John M. Sykes, Stephanie Zec, Tracy Stokol, Karen Ingerman, Martha A. Delaney, Richard Fredrickson, Marina Ivančić, Melinda Jenkins-Moore, Katie Mozingo, Kerrie Franzen, Nichole Hines Bergeson, Laura Goodman, Haibin Wang, Ying Fang, Colleen Olmstead, Colleen McCann, Patrick Thomas, Erin Goodrich, François Elvinger, David C. Smith, Suxiang Tong, Sally Slavinski, Paul P. Calle, Karen Terio, Mia Kim Torchetti, Diego G. Diel

Xiang-Jin Meng, Editor

DOI: 10.1128/mBio.02220-20

ABSTRACT

Despite numerous barriers to transmission, zoonoses are the major cause of emerging infectious diseases in humans. Among these, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and ebolaviruses have killed thousands; the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has killed millions. Zoonoses and human-to-animal cross-species transmission are driven by human actions and have important management, conservation, and public health implications. The current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, which presumably originated from an animal reservoir, has killed more than half a million people around the world and cases continue to rise. In March 2020, New York City was a global epicenter for SARS-CoV-2 infections. During this time, four tigers and three lions at the Bronx Zoo, NY, developed mild, abnormal respiratory signs. We detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in respiratory secretions and/or feces from all seven animals, live virus in three, and colocalized viral RNA with cellular damage in one. We produced nine whole SARS-CoV-2 genomes from the animals and keepers and identified different SARS-CoV-2 genotypes in the tigers and lions. Epidemiologic and genomic data indicated human-to-tiger transmission. These were the first confirmed cases of natural SARS-CoV-2 animal infections in the United States and the first in nondomestic species in the world. We highlight disease transmission at a nontraditional interface and provide information that contributes to understanding SARS-CoV-2 transmission across species.

IMPORTANCE

The human-animal-environment interface of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an important aspect of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic that requires robust One Health-based investigations. Despite this, few reports describe natural infections in animals or directly link them to human infections using genomic data. In the present study, we describe the first cases of natural SARS-CoV-2 infection in tigers and lions in the United States and provide epidemiological and genetic evidence for human-to-animal transmission of the virus. Our data show that tigers and lions were infected with different genotypes of SARS-CoV-2, indicating two independent transmission events to the animals. Importantly, infected animals shed infectious virus in respiratory secretions and feces. A better understanding of the susceptibility of animal species to SARS-CoV-2 may help to elucidate transmission mechanisms and identify potential reservoirs and sources of infection that are important in both animal and human health.

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Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Captive animals; NYC; USA.

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The Causal #Relationship between #Eating #Animals and #Viral #Epidemics (Microb Physiol., abstract)

[Source: Microbial Physiology, full page: (LINK). Abstract, edited.]

The Causal Relationship between Eating Animals and Viral Epidemics

Reddy B.L.a · Saier M.H., Jr.a

Author affiliations: a Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA

Microb Physiol | DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000511192

Abstract

For decades it has been known that infectious agents including pathogenic protozoans, bacteria, and viruses, adapted to a particular animal host, can mutate to gain the ability to infect another host, and the mechanisms involved have been studied in great detail. Although an infectious agent in one animal can alter its host range with relative ease, no example of a plant virus changing its host organism to an animal has been documented. One prevalent pathway for the transmission of infectious agents between hosts involves ingestion of the flesh of one organism by another. In this article we document numerous examples of viral and prion diseases transmitted by eating animals. We suggest that the occurrence of cross-species viral epidemics can be substantially reduced by shifting to a more vegetarian diet and enforcing stricter laws that ban the slaughter and trade of wild and endangered species.

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Keywords: Emerging infectious diseases; Wildlife; Zoonoses.

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A #Framework to Monitor #Changes in #Transmission and #Epidemiology of Emerging Pathogens: Lessons From #Nipah Virus (J Infect Dis., abstract)

[Source: Journal of Infectious Diseases, full page: (LINK). Abstract, edited.]

A Framework to Monitor Changes in Transmission and Epidemiology of Emerging Pathogens: Lessons From Nipah Virus

Birgit Nikolay, Henrik Salje, A K M Dawlat Khan, Hossain M S Sazzad, Syed M Satter, Mahmudur Rahman, Stephanie Doan, Barbara Knust, Meerjady Sabrina Flora, Stephen P Luby, Simon Cauchemez, Emily S Gurley

The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 221, Issue Supplement_4, 1 May 2020, Pages S363–S369, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa074

Published: 11 May 2020

Abstract

It is of uttermost importance that the global health community develops the surveillance capability to effectively monitor emerging zoonotic pathogens that constitute a major and evolving threat for human health. In this study, we propose a comprehensive framework to measure changes in (1) spillover risk, (2) interhuman transmission, and (3) morbidity/mortality associated with infections based on 6 epidemiological key indicators derived from routine surveillance. We demonstrate the indicators’ value for the retrospective or real-time assessment of changes in transmission and epidemiological characteristics using data collected through a long-standing, systematic, hospital-based surveillance system for Nipah virus in Bangladesh. We show that although interhuman transmission and morbidity/mortality indicators were stable, the number and geographic extent of spillovers varied significantly over time. This combination of systematic surveillance and active tracking of transmission and epidemiological indicators should be applied to other high-risk emerging pathogens to prevent public health emergencies.

emerging pathogens, monitoring, Nipah virus, surveillance

Issue Section: supplement articles

This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model)

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Keywords: Nipah virus; Zoonoses; Epidemiology.

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Commentary on: The #SARS, #MERS and novel #coronavirus (#COVID19) #epidemics, the newest and biggest #global #health #threats: what lessons have we learned? A #OneHealth approach to coronaviruses (Int J Epidemiol., summary)

[Source: International Journal of Epidemiology, full page: (LINK). Summary, edited.]

Commentary on: The SARS, MERS and novel coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemics, the newest and biggest global health threats: what lessons have we learned? A One Health approach to coronaviruses

Laura H Kahn

International Journal of Epidemiology, dyaa071, https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyaa071

Published: 29 April 2020

Issue Section: Commentary

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Peeri et al.1 have provided a comprehensive overview, comparing the epidemiological characteristics of and public health responses to three coronaviruses: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and now SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which have emerged from animals into humans over the past 18 years. All three have been identified as betacoronaviruses. One Health is the concept that human, animal and environmental health are linked. It provides a useful framework for examining and dealing with emerging zoonotic diseases such as coronaviruses. In 2005, Lau et al.2 identified a coronavirus in non-caged Chinese horseshoe bats, which was closely related to the SARS-CoV isolated from civet cats and humans.

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Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Wildlife; Bats; Zoonoses; SARS; MERS-CoV.

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The #Global #Spread of 2019 novel #Coronavirus: A #Molecular #Evolutionary Analysis (Pathog Glob Health, abstract)

[Source: US National Library of Medicine, full page: (LINK). Abstract, edited.]

Pathog Glob Health, 1-4 2020 Feb 12 [Online ahead of print]

The Global Spread of 2019-nCoV: A Molecular Evolutionary Analysis

Domenico Benvenuto 1, Marta Giovanetti 2, Marco Salemi 3 4, Mattia Prosperi 3 4, Cecilia De Flora 1, Luiz Carlos Junior Alcantara 2, Silvia Angeletti 5, Massimo Ciccozzi 2

Affiliations: 1 Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Italy. 2 Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 3 Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. 4 Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. 5 Unit of Clinical Laboratory Science, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Italy.

PMID: 32048560 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2020.1725339

Abstract

The global spread of the 2019-nCoV is continuing and is fast moving, as indicated by the WHO raising the risk assessment to high. In this article, we provide a preliminary phylodynamic and phylogeographic analysis of this new virus. A Maximum Clade Credibility tree has been built using the 29 available whole genome sequences of 2019-nCoV and two whole genome sequences that are highly similar sequences from Bat SARS-like Coronavirus available in GeneBank. We are able to clarify the mechanism of transmission among the countries which have provided the 2019-nCoV sequence isolates from their patients. The Bayesian phylogeographic reconstruction shows that the 2019-2020 nCoV most probably originated from the Bat SARS-like Coronavirus circulating in the Rhinolophus bat family. In agreement with epidemiological observations, the most likely geographic origin of the new outbreak was the city of Wuhan, China, where 2019-nCoV time of the most recent common ancestor emerged, according to molecular clock analysis, around November 25th, 2019. These results, together with previously recorded epidemics, suggest a recurring pattern of periodical epizootic outbreaks due to Betacoronavirus. Moreover, our study describes the same population genetic dynamic underlying the SARS 2003 epidemic, and suggests the urgent need for the development of effective molecular surveillance strategies of Betacoronavirus among animals and Rhinolophus of the bat family.

Keywords: 2019-nCoV; SARS; molecular Epidemiology; phylogeny.

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Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Bats; Zoonoses.

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From #Hendra to #Wuhan: what has been learned in responding to emerging #zoonotic viruses (Lancet, summary)

[Source: The Lancet, full page: (LINK). Summary, edited.]

From Hendra to Wuhan: what has been learned in responding to emerging zoonotic viruses

Lin-Fa Wang, Danielle E Anderson, John S Mackenzie, Michael H Merson

Published: February 11, 2020 / DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30350-0

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As the world watches the rapid spread of the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak, it is important to reflect on the lessons that can be learned from this and previous emerging zoonotic viruses (EZV) in a comparative and analytic way. Although the source of 2019-nCoV is yet to be confirmed, early findings suggest a high possibility of a bat origin.1 There have been six major EZV outbreaks in the past 25 years caused by proven or suspected bat-borne viruses (table).2, 3, 4, 5,6,7 With these in mind, four major points are worth considering in the context of the 2019-nCoV outbreak.

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Keywords: COVID-19; Zoonoses; Emerging diseases; Henipavirus.

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A Qualitative Study of #Zoonotic #Risk Factors Among Rural Communities in Southern #China (Int Health, abstract)

[Source: US National Library of Medicine, full page: (LINK). Abstract, edited.]

Int Health 2020 Feb 10 [Online ahead of print]

A Qualitative Study of Zoonotic Risk Factors Among Rural Communities in Southern China

Hong-Ying Li 1, Guang-Jian Zhu 1, Yun-Zhi Zhang 2, Li-Biao Zhang 3, Emily A Hagan 1, Stephanie Martinez 1, Aleksei A Chmura 1, Leilani Francisco 4, Hina Tai 5, Maureen Miller 6, Peter Daszak 1

Affiliations: 1 EcoHealth Alliance, 460 West 34th Street, New York, NY 10001, USA. 2 Institute of Preventive Medicine, Dali University, Dali, 671000, China. 3 Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, #105 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou, 510260, China. 4 Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA. 5 School of Medicine, St. George’s University, Great River, NY 11739, USA. 6 Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.

PMID: 32040190 DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihaa001

Abstract

Background:

Strategies are urgently needed to mitigate the risk of zoonotic disease emergence in southern China, where pathogens with zoonotic potential are known to circulate in wild animal populations. However, the risk factors leading to emergence are poorly understood, which presents a challenge in developing appropriate mitigation strategies for local communities.

Methods:

Residents in rural communities of Yunnan, Guangxi and Guangdong provinces were recruited and enrolled in this study. Data were collected through ethnographic interviews and field observations, and thematically coded and analysed to identify both risk and protective factors for zoonotic disease emergence at the individual, community and policy levels.

Results:

Eighty-eight ethnographic interviews and 55 field observations were conducted at nine selected sites. Frequent human-animal interactions and low levels of environmental biosecurity in local communities were identified as risks for zoonotic disease emergence. Policies and programmes existing in the communities provide opportunities for zoonotic risk mitigation.

Conclusions:

This study explored the relationship among zoonotic risk and human behaviour, environment and policies in rural communities in southern China. It identifies key behavioural risk factors that can be targeted for development of tailored risk-mitigation strategies to reduce the threat of novel zoonoses.

Keywords: 2019-nCoV; SARS; Zoonotic Risk; coronavirus; ethnographic; qualitative; rural communities; southern China.

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Keywords: Zoonoses; Infectious Diseases; Emerging diseases; China.

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